Kawano H. The relationship between testosterone and metabolic syndrome. Hypertens Res. 2010;33(6):537–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2010.52.
Kelly DM, Jones TH. Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease. J Endocrinol. 2013;217(3):R25–45. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12-0455.
Zitzmann M. Testosterone deficiency, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5(12):673–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2009.212.
Notelovitz M. Androgen effects on bone and muscle. Fertil Steril. 2002;77:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(02)02968-0.
Malkin C, Pugh P, Jones R, Jones T, Channer K. Testosterone as a protective factor against atherosclerosis–immunomodulation and influence upon plaque development and stability. J Endocrinol. 2003;178(3):373–80. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1780373.
Nassar GN, Leslie SW. Physiology, Testosterone. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Accessed February 14, 2025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526128/
Handelsman DJ, Hirschberg AL, Bermon S. Circulating testosterone as the hormonal basis of sex differences in athletic performance. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(5):803–29. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00020.
Zitzmann M. Testosterone deficiency and chronic kidney disease. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2024;37:100365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2024.100365.
Cohen J, Nassau DE, Patel P, Ramasamy R. Low testosterone in adolescents & young adults. Front Endocrinol. 2020;10:916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00916.
Grossmann M. Hypogonadism and male obesity: focus on unresolved questions. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018;89(1):11–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13723.
Isidori AM, Aversa A, Calogero A, et al. Adult- and late-onset male hypogonadism: the clinical practice guidelines of the Italian society of andrology and sexual medicine (SIAMS) and the Italian society of endocrinology (SIE). J Endocrinol Invest. 2022;45(12):2385–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-022-01859-7.
Brooker PG, Gomersall SR, King NA, McMahon NF, Leveritt MD. How do previously inactive individuals restructure their time to fit in morning or evening exercise: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med. 2023;46(3):429–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00370-x.
Lan Y, Jin L. Assessing health lifestyles in contemporary china: patterns, transitions, and socioeconomic antecedents. Glob Public Health. 2025;20(1):2447792. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2024.2447792.
Scherder EJA, Bogen T, Eggermont LHP, Hamers JPH, Swaab DF. The more physical inactivity, the more agitation in dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(8):1203–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001493.
Telama R, Yang X. Decline of physical activity from youth to young adulthood in Finland. Med Sci Sports Exerc Published Online September 2000:1617–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009000-00015
Wunsch K, Kienberger K, Niessner C. Changes in physical activity patterns due to the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(4):2250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042250.
Lule VK, Garg S, Tomar SK, Khedkar CD, Nalage DN. Food intolerance: lactose intolerance. The encyclopedia of food and health. Volume 3. Academic; 2016. pp. 43–8. Caballero, B., Finglas, P., and Toldrá, F.
Nalage D, Kale R, Sontakke T, et al. Bacterial phyla: microbiota of Kingdom animalia. Acad Biol. 2024;2(4). https://doi.org/10.20935/AcadBiol7423.
Nalage DN, Khedkar GD, Kalyankar AD, et al. Single cell proteins. Encyclopedia of food and health. Elsevier; 2016. pp. 790–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00628-0.
Cheng H, Zhang X, Li Y, et al. Age-related testosterone decline: mechanisms and intervention strategies. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2024;22(1):144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-024-01316-5.
Golan R, Scovell JM, Ramasamy R. Age-related testosterone decline is due to waning of both testicular and hypothalamic-pituitary function. Aging Male Off J Int Soc Study Aging Male. 2015;18(3):201–4. https://doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2015.1052392.
Sternbach H. Age-Associated testosterone decline in men: clinical issues for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(10):1310–8. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.10.1310.
Duca Y, Aversa A, Condorelli RA, Calogero AE, La Vignera S. Substance abuse and male hypogonadism. J Clin Med. 2019;8(5):732. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050732.
Horn J. The dichotomy between health and drug abuse in bodybuilding. Nord Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2024;41(2):212–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/14550725231206011.
Hunt A, Merola GP, Carpenter T, Jaeggi AV. Evolutionary perspectives on substance and behavioural addictions: distinct and shared pathways to understanding, prediction and prevention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;159:105603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105603.
Kanayama G, Pope HG. Illicit use of androgens and other hormones: recent advances. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2012;19(3):211–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e3283524008.
Mazza E, Troiano E, Ferro Y, et al. Obesity, dietary patterns, and hormonal balance modulation: Gender-Specific impacts. Nutrients. 2024;16(11):1629. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111629.
Mushannen T, Cortez P, Stanford FC, Singhal V. Obesity and Hypogonadism-A narrative review highlighting the need for High-Quality data in adolescents. Child Basel Switz. 2019;6(5):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/children6050063.
Balali H, Morabbi A, Karimian M. Concerning influences of micro/nano plastics on female reproductive health: focusing on cellular and molecular pathways from animal models to human studies. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2024;22(1):141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-024-01314-7.
Gao L, Xiong X, Chen C, et al. The male reproductive toxicity after nanoplastics and microplastics exposure: sperm quality and changes of different cells in testis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023;267:115618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115618.
Kadac-Czapska K, Ośko J, Knez E, Grembecka M. Microplastics and oxidative Stress-Current problems and prospects. Antioxid Basel Switz. 2024;13(5):579. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050579.
Nalage D, Sontakke T, Biradar A et al. The impact of environmental toxins on the animal gut microbiome and their potential to contribute to disease. Elsevier. 2023;3(C).
Wang M, Wu Y, Li G, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M. The hidden threat: unraveling the impact of microplastics on reproductive health. Sci Total Environ. 2024;935:173177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173177.
Beaven CM, Hopkins WG, Hansen KT, Wood MR, Cronin JB, Lowe TE. Dose effect of caffeine on testosterone and cortisol responses to resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008;18(2):131–41. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.18.2.131.
Glover FE, Caudle WM, Del Giudice F, et al. The association between caffeine intake and testosterone: NHANES 2013–2014. Nutr J. 2022;21(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-022-00783-z.
Handelsman DJ. Androgen misuse and abuse. Endocr Rev. 2021;42(4):457–501. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnab001.
Sivalokanathan S, Małek ŁA, Malhotra A. The cardiac effects of Performance-Enhancing medications: caffeine vs. Anabolic androgenic steroids. Diagnostics. 2021;11(2):324. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11020324.
Dengri C, Koriesh A, Babi MA, et al. Testosterone supplementation and stroke in young adults: a review of the literature. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1422931. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1422931.
Dorr AE. Discriminant function in clinical trials. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1971;12(1):151. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt1971121151.
Ko DH, Kim SE, Lee JY. Prevalence of low testosterone according to health behavior in older adults men. Healthc Basel Switz. 2020;9(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010015.
Ma N, Gao F. Correlation between low testosterone levels and the risk of osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data (2011–2016). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-024-08272-6.
Mann A, Strange RC, Hackett G, König C, Ramachandran S. Adult-onset testosterone deficiency: the usefulness of hormone replacement in reducing mortality in men with this common age-related condition. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1(3):83–99. https://doi.org/10.37349/eemd.2024.00010.
Sontakke T, Biradar A, Dixit P, Nalage D. Metagenomics and Microbiome of infant: old and recent instincts. Microenviron Microecol Res. 2022;4(2):7. https://doi.org/10.53388/MMR2022007.
Grossmann M, Jayasena CN, Anawalt BD. Approach to the patient: the evaluation and management of men ≥ 50 years with low serum testosterone concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(9):e871–84. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad180.
Riachy R, McKinney K, Tuvdendorj DR. Various factors May modulate the effect of exercise on testosterone levels in men. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2020;5(4):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040081.
Araujo AB, Dixon JM, Suarez EA, Murad MH, Guey LT, Wittert GA. Endogenous testosterone and mortality in men: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3007–19. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1137.
Goh VHH, Tong TYY. The moderating impact of lifestyle factors on sex steroids, sexual activities and aging in Asian men. Asian J Androl. 2011;13(4):596–604. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2010.121.
Liu PY, Reddy RT. Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23(6):1323–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09755-4.
Remes K, Kuoppasalmi K, Adlercreutz H. Effect of physical exercise and sleep deprivation on plasma androgen levels: modifying effect of physical fitness. Int J Sports Med. 1985;06(03):131–5. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025825.
Ruige JB, Mahmoud AM, De Bacquer D, Kaufman JM. Endogenous testosterone and cardiovascular disease in healthy men: a meta-analysis. Heart. 2011;97(11):870–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2010.210757.
Svartberg J, Midtby M, Bonaa K, Sundsfjord J, Joakimsen R, Jorde R. The associations of age, lifestyle factors and chronic disease with testosterone in men: the Tromso study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149(2):145–52. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1490145.
Kanabar R, Mazur A, Plum A, Schmied J. Correlates of testosterone change as men age. Aging Male. 2022;25(1):29–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2021.2023493.
Stanworth RD, Jones TH. Testosterone for the aging male; current evidence and recommended practice. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(1):25–44. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s190.
Pitteloud N, Hardin M, Dwyer AA, et al. Increasing insulin resistance is associated with a decrease in Leydig cell testosterone secretion in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):2636–41. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-2190.
Yu C, Jiang F, Zhang M, et al. HC diet inhibited testosterone synthesis by activating Endoplasmic reticulum stress in testicular Leydig cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(5):3140–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14143.
Ahmadkhaniha R, Yousefian F, Rastkari N. Impact of smoking on oxidant/antioxidant status and oxidative stress index levels in serum of the university students. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2021;19(1):1043–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00669-y.
Celec P, Behuliak M. Behavioural and endocrine effects of chronic cola intake. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf). 2010;24(10):1569–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881109105401.
Gong Z. Carbonated beverages affect levels of androgen receptor and testosterone secretion in mice. Acta Endocrinol Buchar. 2022;18(3):301–5. https://doi.org/10.4183/aeb.2022.301.
Livak KJ, Flood SJ, Marmaro J, Giusti W, Deetz K. Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quenched probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic acid hybridization. PCR Methods Appl. 1995;4(6):357–62. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.4.6.357.
Neves CDC, Lacerda ACR, Lage VKS, et al. Oxidative stress and skeletal muscle dysfunction are present in healthy smokers. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2016;49(11):e5512. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431×20165512.
De Oliveira DL, Dokkedal-Silva V, Fernandes GL, Kim LJ, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Sleep duration as an independent factor associated with vitamin D levels in the EPISONO cohort. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(12):2439–49. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.9452.
Lerchbaum E, Pilz S, Trummer C, et al. Serum vitamin D levels and hypogonadism in men. Andrology. 2014;2(5):748–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00247.x.
Monson NR, Klair N, Patel U, et al. Association between vitamin D deficiency and testosterone levels in adult males: A systematic review. Cureus Published Online September. 2023;24. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45856.
Zhang W, Piotrowska K, Chavoshan B, Wallace J, Liu PY. Sleep duration is associated with testis size in healthy young men. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(10):1757–64. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7390.
Anawalt BD, Matsumoto AM. Aging and androgens: physiology and clinical implications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23(6):1123–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09765-2.
Fukai S, Akishita M, Miyao M, Ishida K, Toba K, Ouchi Y. Age-related changes in plasma androgen levels and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in male Japanese office workers. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2010;10(1):32–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00552.x.
Ogoniak L, Sandmann S, Varghese J, Busch AS. 8039 role of genetics in the Age-Related testosterone decline in men: A UK biobank study. J Endocr Soc. 2024;8(Supplement1). bvae163.1665.
Tibblin G, Adlerberth A, Lindstedt G, Björntorp P. The Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and health in elderly men: A study of men born in 1913. Diabetes. 1996;45(11):1605–9. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.45.11.1605.
Patil R, Sontakke T, Biradar A, Nalage D. Zinc: an essential trace element for human health and beyond. Food Health. 2023;5(3):13. https://doi.org/10.53388/FH2023013.