TIANJIN, CHINA – SEPTEMBER 01: Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin(L) and Chinese President Xi jinping ahead of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit 2025 at the Meijiang Convention and Exhibition Centre on September 1, 2025 in Tianjin, China. (Photo by Suo Takekuma – Pool/Getty Images)
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Sometimes one photograph tells the story better than any communique or summit declaration.
A widely shared clip of Chinese President Xi Jinping, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin laughing together in Beijing has already gone viral.
On the surface, it appears to be an easy exchange between three leaders. But analysts say it reflects a delicate mix of competing rivalries and shifting power dynamics.
Gautam Bambawale, India’s former ambassador to China, told CNBC’s Inside India: “The dragon and the elephant are not dancing as yet. They are just looking at each other from opposite sides of a room and trying to assess what are the implications of the relationship between the two? It’s going to take time to bring the relationship back on track.”
The obstacles are clear. The border dispute between India and China remains unresolved since the 2020 clashes. Beijing’s close partnership with Pakistan — extending beyond economic corridors into military equipment and intelligence cooperation — further constrains how far ties can develop.
This week’s Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit gave the photograph its backdrop. The SCO is expanding in size and ambition, but as Jeremy Chan at Eurasia Group pointed out, more prominence does not necessarily mean more relevance.
“The SCO, while it’s generally described as a security organization, really doesn’t focus on military matters per se, and on all of the global conflicts that have taken place recently, whether that’s Ukraine or in Gaza, the SCO has essentially been absent,” Chan told CNBC.
The timing of the meeting is also notable. With former U.S. President Donald Trump raising tariffs and unsettling global markets, Beijing is using the SCO to emphasize its outreach to the Global South. Chan said Trump is “breathing new life” into the summit, giving China a chance to frame its diplomacy as more dependable than Washington’s.
The photo-op has also drawn scrutiny in U.S. media. The New York Times described the interaction as a “smiling manifestation of a troika that Moscow had recently said it hoped to revive,” noting the optics of closeness between Modi and Putin, who even shared a ride to a meeting on the sidelines. The report argued that India’s traditionally cautious bureaucracy might once have avoided such overt displays with China and Russia, but Trump’s sweeping tariffs leave New Delhi with “little incentive” to hold back.
Multipolarity, defined differently
For investors, the stakes are significant. The SCO brings together economies representing nearly half the world’s population, central to energy and trade flows. With tariffs threatening supply chains and markets watching for signs of fragmentation, summits like these are closely watched for signals of new alignments, even if substantive outcomes are limited.
For India, the optics carry weight. Modi’s talks with Xi were interpreted as a reminder to Washington that India is willing to maintain dialogue with Beijing and Moscow while deepening ties with the U.S. and its allies. But New Delhi’s decision to skip the SCO military parade underscored the limits of any thaw.
“India is using this to opportunistically send a signal indirectly to Washington, that it has strategic options, not only in Beijing, but also in Moscow,” Chan said. Modi’s quick exit from Beijing, immediately after arriving from Tokyo, also underlined India’s continued engagement with U.S. partners in Asia.
At the heart of the summit was a debate over “multipolarity,” Chan said, adding that the definition of multipolarity is different for India and China.
Beijing defines it as a system where U.S. dominance is reduced, allowing China greater scope to assert itself as Asia’s leading power. India, by contrast, sees multipolarity as influence spread more evenly across many countries, with no single state in control, Chan told CNBC’s Inside India.
For Russia, the SCO remains one of the few international platforms where Putin is not on the defensive, underscoring Moscow’s enduring ties with influential Asian partners despite Western sanctions.
The Beijing photograph captures all of this in a single frame. The smiles suggest harmony, but the reality is far more complex.