Tombs found throughout China, built from the time of the 4,000-year old Xia Dynasty to the present day, offer insight into long-term social and political trends. This conclusion comes from a study published October 29, 2025 in the open-access journal PLOS One by Quanbao Ma of the Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China, along with colleagues.
The team created a detailed map of ancient tomb sites across the country to look for patterns in how these burial locations changed through time. Their analysis shows that both socioeconomic conditions and local geography likely played important roles in shaping where these tombs were placed.
How Stability and Prosperity Affected Tomb Construction
The researchers found that many of the better-preserved tombs date to periods marked by relative political and economic stability. Examples include the Qin-Han and Yuan-Ming-Qing dynasties. In contrast, fewer tombs survive from more turbulent eras, such as the Five Dynasties period. According to the study, people living during prosperous times may have had more resources and opportunities to focus on burial customs and beliefs about the afterlife.
Population changes also appear to have influenced where tombs were built. The researchers note that frequent conflict in northern China from the late Eastern Han dynasty through the Northern and Southern dynasties pushed many communities to relocate to the south. As a result, tombs from this era are more heavily concentrated in southern regions.
Two areas, the Chengdu-Chongqing region and the Central Plains, contain especially large numbers of surviving tombs. Chengdu-Chongqing has fertile and relatively level terrain, while the Central Plains combine flat landscapes with ample water. These environmental advantages would have supported long-lasting settlements. Both regions are also relatively humid, which the researchers suggest may have helped protect artifacts placed inside the tombs.
Preserving Cultural Heritage for the Future
According to the study, burial sites offer essential information about China’s cultural heritage, and the researchers hope their findings will support future preservation efforts. They emphasize the importance of building a stronger scientific foundation for safeguarding these historically significant sites.
The authors state: “This study conducted a systematic digital survey and analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ancient tombs in China, revealing their evolution patterns and influencing factors, thus laying an important theoretical foundation for building a scientific and precise protection system.”
This study was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China in the form of a grant awarded to Quanbao Ma (22FYSB019) and the National Social Science Fund of China in the form of a salary for Quanbao Ma. The specific roles of this author are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.