Culture is driving a major shift in human evolution, new theory proposes

Researchers at the University of Maine are theorizing that human beings may be in the midst of a major evolutionary shift — driven not by genes, but by culture.

In a paper published in the Oxford journal BioScience, Timothy M. Waring, an associate professor of economics and sustainability, and Zachary T. Wood, a researcher in ecology and environmental sciences, argue that culture is overtaking genetics as the main force shaping human evolution. 

“Human evolution seems to be changing gears,” said Waring. “When we learn useful skills, institutions or technologies from each other, we are inheriting adaptive cultural practices. On reviewing the evidence, we find that culture solves problems much more rapidly than genetic evolution. This suggests our species is in the middle of a great evolutionary transition.”

Cultural practices — from farming methods to legal codes — spread and adapt far faster than genes can, allowing human groups to adapt to new environments and solve novel problems in ways biology alone could never match. According to the research team, this long-term evolutionary transition extends deep into the past, it is accelerating, and may define our species for millenia to come. 

Culture now preempts genetic adaptation

“Cultural evolution eats genetic evolution for breakfast,” said Wood, “it’s not even close.”

Waring and Wood describe how in the modern environment cultural systems adapt so rapidly they routinely “preempt” genetic adaptation. For example, eyeglasses and surgery correct vision problems that genes once left to natural selection. Medical technologies like cesarean sections or fertility treatments allow people to survive and reproduce in circumstances that once would have been fatal or sterile. These cultural solutions, researchers argue, reduce the role of genetic adaptation and increase our reliance on cultural systems such as hospitals, schools and governments.

“Ask yourself this: what matters more for your personal life outcomes, the genes you are born with, or the country where you live?” Waring said. “Today, your well-being is determined less and less by your personal biology and more and more by the cultural systems that surround you — your community, your nation, your technologies. And the importance of culture tends to grow over the long term because culture accumulates adaptive solutions more rapidly.”

Over time, this dynamic could mean that human survival and reproduction depend less on individual genetic traits and more on the health of societies and their cultural infrastructure.

But, this transition comes with a twist. Because culture is fundamentally a shared phenomenon, culture tends to generate group-based solutions.

Culture is group thing

Using evidence from anthropology, biology and history, Waring and Wood argue that group-level cultural adaptation has been shaping human societies for millennia, from the spread of agriculture to the rise of modern states. They note that today, improvements in health, longevity and survival reliably come from group-level cultural systems like scientific medicine and hospitals, sanitation infrastructure and education systems rather than individual intelligence or genetic change.

The researchers argue that if humans are evolving to rely on cultural adaptation, we are also evolving to become more group-oriented and group-dependent, signaling a change in what it means to be human. 

A deeper transition

In the history of evolution, life sometimes undergoes transitions which change what it means to be an individual. This happened when single cells evolved to become multicellular organisms and social insects evolved into ultra-cooperative colonies. These individuality transitions transform how life is organized, adapts and reproduces. Biologists have been skeptical that such a transition is occurring in humans. 

But Waring and Wood suggest that because culture is fundamentally shared, our shift to cultural adaptation also means a fundamental reorganization of human individuality — toward the group.

“Cultural organization makes groups more cooperative and effective. And larger, more capable groups adapt — via cultural change — more rapidly,” said Waring. “It’s a mutually reinforcing system, and the data suggest it is accelerating.”

For example, genetic engineering is a form of cultural control of genetic material, but genetic engineering requires a large complex society. So, in the far future, if the hypothesized transition ever comes to completion, our descendants may no longer be genetically evolving individuals, but societal “superorganisms” that evolve primarily via cultural change.

Future research

The researchers emphasize that their theory is testable and lay out a system for measuring how fast the transition is happening. The team is also developing mathematical and computer models of the process and plans to initiate a long-term data collection project in the near future. They caution, however, against treating cultural evolution as progress or inevitability. 

“We are not suggesting that some societies, like those with more wealth or better technology, are morally ‘better’ than others,” Wood said. “Evolution can create both good solutions and brutal outcomes. We believe this might help our whole species avoid the most brutal parts.”

The study is part of a growing body of research from Waring and his team at the Applied Cultural Evolution Laboratory at the University of Maine. Their goal is to use their understanding of deep patterns in human evolution to foster positive social change.

Still, the new research raises profound questions about humanity’s future. “If cultural inheritance continues to dominate, our fates as individuals, and the future of our species, may increasingly hinge on the strength and adaptability of our societies,” Waring said. And if so, the next stage of human evolution may not be written in DNA, but in the shared stories, systems, and institutions we create together.

Contact: Marcus Wolf, 207.581.3721; marcus.wolf@maine.edu