Anxiety disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05
Organization WH. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneval: World Health Organization; 1993.
Fusar-Poli P, Correll CU, Arango C, Berk M, Patel V, Ioannidis JPA. Preventive psychiatry: a blueprint for improving the mental health of young people. World Psychiatry. 2021;20(2):200–21.
Aljuwaiser S, Brazzelli M, Arain I, Poobalan A. Common mental health problems in medical students and junior doctors – an overview of systematic reviews. J Ment Health. 2023:1–37.
Braquehais MD, Vargas-Caceres S. Psychiatric issues among health professionals. Med Clin North Am. 2023;107(1):131–42.
Quek TT, Tam WW, Tran BX, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Ho CS, Ho RC. The Global Prevalence of Anxiety Among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(15):2735.
Varshney K, Patel H, Panhwar MA: Risks and Warning Signs for Medical Student Suicide Mortality: A Systematic Review. Arch Suicide Res 2024:1–19.
Rotenstein LS, Ramos MA, Torre M, Segal JB, Peluso MJ, Guille C, Sen S, Mata DA. Prevalence of depression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(21):2214–36.
Sreeramareddy CT, Shankar PR, Binu VS, Mukhopadhyay C, Ray B, Menezes RG. Psychological morbidity, sources of stress and coping strategies among undergraduate medical students of Nepal. BMC Med Educ. 2007;7:26.
Ben Ayed H, Yaich S, Ben Jemaa M, Ben Hmida M, Trigui M, Jedidi J, et al. Lifestyle behaviors and mental health in medical students. J Public Ment Health. 2018;17(4):210–7.
Terebessy A, Czegledi E, Balla BC, Horvath F, Balazs P. Medical students’ health behaviour and self-reported mental health status by their country of origin: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:171.
Zaman R, Hankir A, Jemni M. Lifestyle factors and mental health. Psychiatr Danub. 2019;31(Suppl 3):217–20.
Fargen KM, Spiotta AM, Turner RD, Patel S. The importance of exercise in the well-rounded physician: dialogue for the inclusion of a physical fitness program in neurosurgery resident training. World Neurosurg. 2016;90:380–4.
Mohammed HM, Soliman SM, Abdelrahman AA, Ibrahim AK. Depressive symptoms and its correlates among medical students in Upper Egypt. Middle East Current Psychiatry. 2022;29(1):66.
Bizri M, Geagea L, Kobeissy F, Talih F. Prevalence of eating disorders among medical students in a Lebanese medical school: a cross-sectional study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:1879–87.
Shawahna R, Hattab S, Al-Shafei R, Tab’ouni M. Prevalence and factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms among Palestinian medical students. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):244.
Masri R, Kadhum M, Farrell SM, Khamees A, Al-Taiar H, Molodynski A. Wellbeing and mental health amongst medical students in Jordan: a descriptive study. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2019;31(7–8):619–25.
(Petra). JNA: عويس_ 19 ألف طالب طب في الجامعات الوطنية ومثلهم في الخارج. Available from https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=205009&lang=ar&name=news. Accessed 02 Aug 2023. In.; 2022.
Elsawy WIH, Sherif AAR, Attia M, El-Nimr NA. Depression among medical students in Alexandria. Egypt Afr Health Sci. 2020;20(3):1416–25.
Ibrahim MB, Abdelreheem MH. Prevalence of anxiety and depression among medical and pharmaceutical students in Alexandria University. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 2019;51(2):167–73.
Midtgaard M, Ekeberg O, Vaglum P, Tyssen R. Mental health treatment needs for medical students: a national longitudinal study. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(7):505–11.
AlHadi AN, AlAteeq DA, Al-Sharif E, Bawazeer HM, Alanazi H, AlShomrani AT, Shuqdar RM, AlOwaybil R. An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:32.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):258–66.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA. 1999;282(18):1737–44.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Lowe B. The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32(4):345–59.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.
Spitzer RLKK, Williams JBW, Lo B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092. PMID: 16717171.
Aoun AAJ, Jabbour FE, et al. Validation of the Arabic version of the SCOFF questionnaire for the screening of eating disorders. East Mediterr Health J. 2015;21(5):326–31. https://doi.org/10.26719/2015.21.5.326. Published 2015 Aug 27.
Littman AJ, White E, Satia JA, Bowen DJ, Kristal AR. Reliability and validity of 2 single-item measures of psychosocial stress. Epidemiology. 2006;17(4):398–403.
Yusoff MSB, Rahim AFA, Yaacob MJ
. The development and validity of the Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ), ASEAN J Psychiatry. 2010;11(1). Available online at http://www.aseanjournalofpsychiatry.org/oe11105.htm.
Amanya SB, Nakitende J, Ngabirano TD. A cross-sectional study of stress and its sources among health professional students at Makerere University Uganda. Nurs Open. 2018;5(1):70–6.
Hamdan- Mansour ABT, Haourani E, Marmash L. Depression, psychological distress and coping skills among patients diagnosed with type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Life Sci J. 2013;10:3044–8.
Godwin M, Streight S, Dyachuk E, van den Hooven EC, Ploemacher J, Seguin R, Cuthbertson S. Testing the simple lifestyle indicator questionnaire: initial psychometric study. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien. 2008;54(1):76–7.
Fagerström KO. Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addict Behav. 1978;3(3–4):235–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(78)90024-2. PMID: 735910.
Moul DE ME, Shablesky M et al. The 2-item and 20-item versions of the Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale (PIRS): design, methods and initial modeling. Presented at: the Annual Meeting of the World Psychiatric Association; November 29, 2009; Melbourne. 2009.
Moul DE, Pilkonis PA, Miewald JM, Carey TJ, Buysse DJ. Preliminary study of the test-retest reliability and concurrent validities of the Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale (PIRS). Sleep. 2002;25:A246–7.
Jann B. ESTOUT: Stata module to export estimation results from estimates table. 2004. Available from http://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s439301.html.
StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC; 2019.
Williams R. Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. Stata J. 2006;6(1):58–82 A pre-publication version is available at http://www.nd.edu/~rwilliam/gologit2/gologit2.pdf.
Peterson BFEHJ. Partial proportional odds models for ordinal response variables. J Roy Stat Soc: Ser C (Appl Stat). 1990;39(2):205–17.
Williams R. Understanding and interpreting generalized ordered logit models. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 2016;40(1):7–20.
Fu V. Estimating generalized ordered logit models. Stata Tech Bull. 1999;8(44):27–30.
Mahroon ZA, Borgan SM, Kamel C, Maddison W, Royston M, Donnellan C. Factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among medical students in Bahrain. Acad Psychiatry. 2018;42(1):31–40.
Puthran R, Zhang MW, Tam WW, Ho RC. Prevalence of depression amongst medical students: a meta-analysis. Med Educ. 2016;50(4):456–68.
Fawzy M, Hamed SA. Prevalence of psychological stress, depression and anxiety among medical students in Egypt. Psychiatry Res. 2017;255:186–94.
Olum R, Nakwagala FN, Odokonyero R. Prevalence and factors associated with depression among medical students at Makerere university. Uganda Adv Med Educ Pract. 2020;11:853–60.
Iqbal S, Gupta S, Venkatarao E. Stress, anxiety and depression among medical undergraduate students and their socio-demographic correlates. Indian J Med Res. 2015;141(3):354–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.156571. PMID: 25963497; PMCID: PMC4442334.
Baldassin S, Alves TC, de Andrade AG, Nogueira Martins LA. The characteristics of depressive symptoms in medical students during medical education and training: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2008;8:60.
Ngasa SN, Sama CB, Dzekem BS, Nforchu KN, Tindong M, Aroke D, Dimala CA. Prevalence and factors associated with depression among medical students in Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):216.
Arslan M, AydemİR İs, Yabanci Ayhan N. Examining The Level Of Depression Among University Students And Evaluating Its Relationship With Body Mass Index (BMI). Clin Exp Health Sci. 2021;11:175–81.
Al-Khlaiwi T, Habib S. Depression, anxiety, stress, and satisfaction of medical students in relation to income and body mass index. King Khalid University J Health Sci. 2022;7(2):104–10.
Carpenter KM, Hasin DS, Allison DB, Faith MS. Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: results from a general population study. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(2):251–7. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.90.2.251. PMID: 10667187; PMCID: PMC1446144.
Gabal HA, Wahdan MM, Gamal Eldin DA. Prevalence of anxiety, depression and stress among medical students, and associated factors. Egypt J Occup Med. 2022;46(1):55–74.
Memon AA, Adil SE, Siddiqui EU, Naeem SS, Ali SA, Mehmood K. Eating disorders in medical students of Karachi, Pakistan-a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:84.
Fekih-Romdhane F, Daher-Nashif S, Alhuwailah AH, Al Gahtani HMS, Hubail SA, Shuwiekh HAM, Khudhair MF, Alhaj OA, Bragazzi NL, Jahrami H. The prevalence of feeding and eating disorders symptomology in medical students: an updated systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Eat Weight Disord. 2022;27(6):1991–2010.
Jahrami H, Sater M, Abdulla A, Faris MA, AlAnsari A. Eating disorders risk among medical students: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Eat Weight Disord. 2019;24(3):397–410.
Melisse B, de Beurs E, van Furth EF. Eating disorders in the Arab world: a literature review. J Eat Disord. 2020;8(1):59.
Abdel Wahed WY, Hassan SK. Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among medical Fayoum University students. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 2019;53(1):77–84.
KhanMS MS, Badshah A, Ali SU, Jamal Y. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and their associated factors among medical students in Karachi, Pakistan. J PakMed Assoc. 2006;56:583–6.
Ahmed I, Banu H, Al-Fageer R, Al-Suwaidi R. Cognitive emotions: depression and anxiety in medical students and staff. J Crit Care. 2009;24(3):e1-7.
Said D, Kypri K, Bowman J. Risk factors for mental disorder among university students in Australia: findings from a web-based cross-sectional survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(6):935–44.
El-Gilany AHAM, Hammad S. Perceived stress among male medical students in Egypt and Saudi Arabia: effect of sociodemographic factors. Ann Saudi Med. 2008;28(6):442–8. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2008.442. PMID: 19011321; PMCID: PMC6074256.
Tabalipa FD, Souza M, Pfützenreuter G, Lima VC, Traebert E, Traebert J. Prevalence of anxiety and depression among medical students. Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica. 2015;39(3):388–94.
Alkhalaf AM. Positive and negative affect, anxiety, and academic achievement among medical students in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience. 2018;20(2):397.
Chinawa JM, Nwokocha AR, Manyike PC, Chinawa AT, Aniwada EC, Ndukuba AC. Psychosomatic problems among medical students: a myth or reality? Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016;10:72.
Goweda R, Alshinawi MA, Janbi BM, Idrees UY, Babukur RM, Alhazmi HA, Aiash H. Somatic Symptom Disorder among medical students in Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Middle East J Fam Med. 2022;20(5):6–11.
Abdelaziz AMYAK, Alhurayyis JH, Alqahtani TA, Alghamlas AM, Algahtani HM, Jahrami HA. The association between physical symptoms and depression among medical students in Bahrain. Int J Med Educ. 2017;15(8):423–7. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5a2d.16a3.PMID:29252203;PMCID:PMC5768439.