Battle of the Sexes, exhibition tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs that took place on September 20, 1973, inside the Astrodome in Houston. The match was something of a spectacle as the in-her-prime King defeated the 55-year-old Riggs in three straight sets, but the event nevertheless was a significant moment in the second wave of the women’s movement that took place during the 1970s.
A number of other tennis matches over the years had been referred to as a “battle of the sexes,” notably a match earlier in 1973 between Riggs and Margaret Court and a 1992 contest between Martina Navratilova and Jimmy Connors. However, the King-Riggs match had by far the greatest cultural impact of any of the “battles.” The King-Riggs event also laid claim as the most-watched tennis match of all time, with an in-house attendance of 30,472 as well as a worldwide television audience estimated at over 90 million.
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After the retired Riggs soundly defeated Court, the top-ranked women’s singles player at the time, in straight sets (6–2, 6–1) on May 13, 1973 (in what became known as the “Mother’s Day Massacre”), he challenged King to face him in a $100,000 winner-take-all match, which she accepted. In the lead-up to the event, Riggs—who had a long-established reputation of being a cocky and outspoken individual—drummed up attention for the match by happily embracing the role of the male chauvinist, making statements such as “she’s a woman and they don’t have the emotional stability [to win]” and “women belong in the bedroom and kitchen, in that order.” (A number of associates close to Riggs insisted that his chauvinism was all an act, and he and King became close friends in the decades after the Battle.) In contrast, King spent the summer of 1973 establishing herself as a progressive force in women’s tennis. She organized a June meeting that led to the creation of the Women’s Tennis Association, and she threatened to boycott the 1973 U.S. Open if male and female champions were not paid the same, which led to the Open becoming the first major tennis tournament to offer equal prize money. While King continued playing on the women’s circuit before the Battle (which included her capturing a fifth Wimbledon title), Riggs spent much of those months partying and soaking up the spotlight with minimal training compared with his preparation for the Court match.
The Battle of the Sexes began, as expected, in an over-the-top fashion. Riggs came out to the court in a rickshaw surrounded by statuesque women and wearing a warm-up jacket emblazoned with “Sugar Daddy.” King had her own cheeky entrance on top of an ostentatiously decorated litter carried by a bevy of shirtless he-men. Riggs showed his lack of respect for King by playing the first three games of the match while still wearing his “Sugar Daddy” jacket. However, he quickly learned that he was in for a much tougher contest than he had with Court, as King continually kept volleying shots past an out-of-shape Riggs en route to winning the first set 6–4. She maintained her dominance through the remainder of the match, as Riggs made a series of unforced errors and complained of hand cramps as the match progressed. King won the match 6–4, 6–3, 6–3 and—following a celebratory toss of King’s racket—Riggs hopped the net and whispered “I underestimated you” into her ear.
In the aftermath of the Battle, King continued her legendary tennis career with even greater visibility, ultimately retiring in 1984 with 39 total singles and doubles Grand Slam championships. Moreover, she became a prominent activist for women’s rights and gay rights following the Battle and her landmark 1981 revelation of her homosexuality. Riggs became a tennis pro and greeter at a Las Vegas casino, where he was able to indulge his proclivity to gamble on almost every competition he took part in as well as on the standard gaming options found in Las Vegas. Over the years, rumours circulated that Riggs—who was said to have had a large gambling debt to the Mafia and who had just months before the Battle easily dispatched a female player as talented as King—threw the match in order to erase his debt to the mob. A 2013 investigative report by ESPN revealed that there was a witness to a purported meeting of Mafia figures planning to rig the match and there is circumstantial evidence to support the fix theory, but tennis experts remain split as to whether or not the Battle was thrown by Riggs or if he was simply bested by a better and younger player. While it is unlikely that it will ever be clear if the Battle was fixed, what is known is that it brought theretofore unprecedented publicity to the women’s movement and was—symbolically, if nothing else—a landmark moment in the ongoing struggle for full equality among the sexes.